In this article, I show you how to use the scp (secure copy) command without needing to use passwords. I then show you how to use this command in two scripts. One script lets you copy a file to multiple Linux boxes on your network, and the other allows you to back up all of your Linux boxes easily.

If you're a Linux sysadmin, you frequently need to copy files from one Linux box to another. Or, you may need to distribute a file to multiple boxes. You could use FTP, but using scp has many advantages. For instance, scp is much more secure than FTP. scp travels across the LAN/WAN encrypted, while FTP uses clear text, even for passwords.

But what I like best about scp is it's easily scriptable. Suppose you need to distribute a file to 100 Linux boxes. I'd rather write a script to do this than type 100 sets of copy commands. If you use FTP in your script, things can get messy, because each Linux box you log into is going to ask for a password. But if you use scp in your script, you can set things up so the remote Linux boxes don't ask for a password. Believe it or not, this actually is much more secure than using FTP.

Here's an example demonstrating the most basic syntax for scp. To copy a file named abc.tgz from your local PC to the /tmp dir of a remote PC called bozo, use:

scp abc.tgz root@bozo:/tmp

You now are asked for bozo's root password, so we're not quite there yet. The system still is asking for a password, so it's not easily scriptable. To fix that, follow this one-time procedure, after which you can make endless password-less scp copies:

Now, with a little luck, you should be able to scp a file to the remote box without needing to use a password. So let's test it by trying our first example again. Copy a file named xyz.tgz from your local PC to the /tmp dir of a remote PC called bozo:

scp xyz.tgz root@bozo:/tmp

Wow--it copied with no password!

A word about security before we go on. This local PC just became pretty powerful, as it now has access to all the remote PCs with only the one local password. So that one password better be strong and well guarded.

Now for the fun part. Let's write a short script to copy a file called houdini from the local PC to the /tmp dir of ten remote PCs, located in ten different cities, in only five minutes of work. Of course, it would work the same with 100 or 1000 of PCs. Suppose the 10 PCs are called brooklyn, oshkosh, paris, bejing, winslow, rio, gnome, miami, minsk and tokyo. Here's the script:

#!/bin/sh
for CITY in brooklyn oshkosh paris bejing winslow rio gnome miami minsk
tokyo
do
scp houdini root@$CITY:/tmp
echo $CITY " is copied"
done

It works like magic. With the echo line in this script, you should be able to watch as each city's copy is completed one after the next.

By the way, if you're new to shell scripting, here is a pretty good tutorial.

As you may know, scp is only one part of the much broader SSH program. Here's the cool part: when you followed my six-step procedure above, you also gained the ability to sit at your local PC and execute any command you like on any of the remote PCs--without a password, of course. Here's a simple example to view the date and time on the remote PC brooklyn:

ssh brooklyn "date"

Let's now put these two concepts together for one final and seriously cool script. It's a down-and-dirty way to back up all of your remote Linux boxes. The example backs up the /home dir on each box. It's primitive compared to the abilities of commercial backup software, but you can't beat the price. Consider the fact that most commercial backup software charges license fees for each machine you back up. If you use such a package, instead of paying license fees to back up 100 PCs remotely, you could use the script to back up the 100 PCs to one local PC. Then, back up the local PC to your commercial package and save the license fees for 99 PCs. Anyway, the script below demonstrates the concepts, so you can write your own script to suit your own situation. Simply put this script in a cron job on your local PC; no script is required on the remote PCs. Please read the comments carefully, as they explain everything you need to know:

#!/bin/sh

# Variables are upper case for clarity

# before using the script you need to create a dir called '/tmp/backups'
on each
# remote box & a dir called '/usr/backups' on the local box


# on this local PC
# Set the variable "DATE" & format the date cmd output to look pretty
#
DATE=$(date +%b%d)

# this 'for loop' has 3 separate functions

for CITY in brooklyn oshkosh paris bejing winslow rio gnome miami minsk
tokyo
do

# remove tarball on remote box from the previous time the script ran #
to avoid filling up your HD
# then echo it for troubleshooting
#
ssh -1 $CITY "rm -f /tmp/backups/*.tgz"
echo $CITY " old tarball removed"

# create a tarball of the /home dir on each remote box & put it in
/tmp/backups
# name the tarball uniquely with the date & city name
#
ssh $CITY "tar -zcvpf /tmp/backups/$CITY.$DATE.tgz /home/"
echo $CITY " is tarred"

# copy the tarball just create from the remote box to the /usr/backups
dir on
# the local box
#
scp root@$CITY:/tmp/backups/$CITY.$DATE.tgz /usr/backups
echo $CITY " is copied"

done


# the rest of the script is for error checking only, so it's optional:

# on this local PC
# create error file w todays date.
# If any box doesn't get backed, it gets written to this file
#
touch /u01/backup/scp_error_$DATE

for CITY in brooklyn oshkosh paris bejing winslow rio gnome miami minsk
tokyo

do

# Check if tarball was copied to local box. If not write to error file
# note the use of '||' which says do what's after it if what's before it
is not # true
#
ls /u01/backup/$CITY.$DATE.tgz || echo " $CITY did not copy" >>
scp_error_$DATE


# Check if tarball can be opened w/o errors. If errors write to error file.
tar ztvf /u01/backup/$CITY.$DATE.tgz || echo "tarball of $CITY is No
Good" >> scp_error_$DATE

done

That's about it. In this article, I've tried to give examples that demonstrate the concepts and are not necessarily ready to be used "as is". Some of the syntax may not work for all distributions, but in the interest of brevity, I could not include all the possibilities. For example, if you are using Red Hat 6.2 or before, the syntax requires some changes. So be creative, and hopefully you can use some of this work in your own environment.

Copyright (c) 2004, Dave Sirof. Originally published in Linux Gazette issue 98. Copyright (c) 2004, Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc.