EOF - Give TCPA an Owner Override

The Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (TCPA) overview in Linux Journal's August 2003 issue, “Take Control of TCPA” written by Dave Safford, Jeff Kravitz and Leendert van Doorn, discusses some of the TCPA system's security features. The article does not consider, however, that the remote attestation feature of TCPA is likely to cause harm unless a simple fix is applied.

TCPA's basic rationale is correct: today's PC architecture lacks hardware features that would improve computer security. For instance, current PCs have no secure key storage mechanism. If you keep your GPG key on your computer, as most GPG users do, someone who breaks in is able to read it from disk and copy it.

The PC also is vulnerable to keyloggers and screen-grabbers. An attacker can watch you by installing code to record what you type and can capture what appears on your monitor.

TCPA improves computer security by addressing these weaknesses with corresponding hardware improvements. One of these, the secure key storage mechanism described in “Take Control of TCPA”, lets you prevent keys from being stolen, even in the case of a root compromise.

The Trusted Computing Group (TCG) also may develop hardware to defend against software keyloggers and screen-grabbers and to support stronger memory isolation than what exists in most popular operating systems today. Even if your system is compromised, your data and communications still could be protected. This approach would help programmers limit the privilege of software, even operating systems—that's good security design.

But trusted computing architects have gone astray in designing “system software integrity measurement”, which Safford et al. note “can be used to detect software compromise”. The TCPA software attestation mechanisms go beyond this; they're built to enforce policies even against the wishes of the computer owner.

Even as the attestation features prove to you that your computer's software is unaltered, they also can be used to prove to a third party that your computer's software is unaltered. If you, as the computer owner, make a change, a third party sees that the content of your attestation is different. That's fine if the third party has your interests at heart, but computer owners and third parties with whom they interact often have different interests.

Creating a reliable way for a third party to determine what software you're using is a pernicious project. Today, it's trivial to fool “Internet Explorer only” sites: change how your browser identifies itself, and there is nothing the other end can do. With TCPA's remote attestation, a site that insists on an attestation would receive the whole truth or a highly suspicious “No Comment”.

Another casualty might be the software interoperability that we currently take for granted. For example, today you can access Microsoft file servers with a Samba client. With a software attestation scheme that treats you as an adversary, software publishers and service providers would have a remarkably sophisticated toolset for locking out competition, forcing upgrades or downgrades and deliberately breaking interoperability. Software publishers could control their customers' backups or migration paths or build monopoly power over after-market products and services. That some will do so seems beyond dispute.

In the past, anticonsumer misfeatures and barriers to interoperability were remedied by reverse engineering. But the TCPA security design allows software publishers to hamper this practice severely. They can create encrypted network protocols and file formats—with keys tucked away in hardware rather than accessible in memory. Thus, the same security features that protect your computer and its software against intruders can be turned against you.

Fortunately, this problem is fixable. TCG should empower computer owners to override attestations deliberately to defeat policies of which they disapprove. Giving the owner this choice preserves an essential part of the status quo: third parties can never know for sure what's running on your PC. TCG already defines a platform owner concept. The TCG specification also should provide for a facility by which the platform owner, when physically present, can force the TPM chip to generate an attestation as if the Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs) contained values of the owner's choice instead of their actual values.

APIs and a clear user interface for the override mechanism could be specified by an appropriate TCG committee. Only the platform owner should be able to do this; whenever a machine provides an inaccurate attestation, it does so for what its owner considered an appropriate reason. This change would do nothing to undermine the basic security benefits of the TCPA hardware, including those outlined in the Safford article; you still could tell whether your computer had been altered.

EFF (www.eff.org) has been in regular contact with the TCG organization and its members. So far, these companies have resisted the Owner Override idea. We can use your help in the future to get them to fix trusted computing so that it benefits computer owners.